Author Archives: Luca de Alpas

Peptides and retinol both show up in anti-aging routines, but they are not interchangeable. Here is how the two actually differ, and a practical way to decide where to start.

Not every peptide in a serum does the same job. This field guide breaks down the main functional categories, what each one is built to do, and which named ingredients fall into each group.

Copper peptides show up in serums under a few different names, but GHK-Cu is the one with the longest research history. Here is what it actually does and how it differs from other peptide types.

Peptides are one of the most common actives in modern serums, but the label rarely explains what they actually do once they touch skin. Here is the real function, ingredient by ingredient category.